PowerTap P2 Energy Meter Pedals In-Intensity Overview

It’s been virtually precisely 4 years to the week since PowerTap first introduced their PowerTap P1 pedals, and it didn’t take lengthy for them to rocket to recognition. The set up required not anything greater than a easy hex wrench, and the accuracy used to be on level. However through the years new competition got here into the gap and began stealing a few of their thunder.  We had Favero with their BePro after which Assioma pedals – each undercutting PowerTap in pricing.  After which we had Garmin with their Vector pedals – undercutting PowerTap within the appears to be like division.

So this previous fall PowerTap introduced their new P2 pedals.  Would those new pedals take again their throne? Neatly, spoiler alert – no longer in reality. The corporate opted for some very minor tweaks in battery lifestyles and inside weight slightly than an external redesign or new instrument options. Nonetheless, one power of the PowerTap pedals is that they simply paintings – a high quality which once in a while today in running shoes and tool meters is regularly lacking. Plus, the pricing does nonetheless undercut Garmin – so there’s that.

And this intro phase is starting to sound extra like my nearer. So prior to I give away too many secrets and techniques – let’s get the article unboxed and put it to the check for a couple of months.

What’s within the field:

The field of the PowerTap P2 pedals is strictly the similar because the PowerTap P1 pedals. If truth be told, it’s such a lot the similar that once I used to be despatched a last manufacturing set to check the outside paper wrapper nonetheless mentioned P1. No worries, the brand new wrapper transport used to be just a little at the back of.

Oh, and I mounted it for them:

Within despite the fact that it used to be the entire correct portions:

Right here’s what you’ve were given. First up, the pedals themselves:

 

Then there’s two AAA batteries, together with two battery caps, and two washers:

The batteries merely slide within the pedals, and the battery caps atop them:

There’s additionally two units of cleats. Needless to say those are sorta Glance KEO cleats, however no longer precise suits. I in finding that if I’ve were given new cleats then they received’t paintings neatly with usual Glance KEO pedals. While if my cleats are slightly extra worn (because of time), then they paintings simply positive.

And that’s the tip of the unboxing phase. It’s fast and simple.

Oh, and if you happen to’re curious in regards to the variations between the P1 and P2 pedals, first, some imagery. The black one is the P1 pedals, and the silver one is the P2 pedal:

 

From an external viewpoint, no adjustments except for coloring had been made (now silver as a substitute of black). As a substitute, the whole thing is inside. Right here’s the entire checklist of adjustments.

Weight: Aid of general pedal mass, down beneath 400g now (in the past used to be 437g). This aid used to be executed most commonly internally throughout the pedal frame via slicing away within. Then again, there’s now a small cutout from below the skid plate as neatly. Externally there’s no visual variations in dimension.

Battery lifestyles: The corporate says the gadgets will now get 80 hours of battery lifestyles in line with battery (nonetheless AAA), then again with extra steady-state and longer rides, you’ll want to see as much as 100hrs of battery lifestyles. They famous that this used to be executed via tweaking one of the vital electronics within to realize again some battery lifestyles.

Advanced sealing: The corporate says they discovered so much from the PowerTap P1, and particularly had numerous “why are other folks the use of it like that” moments when troubleshooting problems. They are saying that the brand new unit improves quite a lot of sealing issues greater than prior to. They did observe that the PowerTap P1 did see numerous adjustments in-line despite the fact that through the years (as an example we noticed the brand new battery caps lovely briefly after advent).

It were given a paint process: It’s now silver, which, PowerTap admits is…’polarizing’ (their phrases, no longer mine). I more than likely would have decided on different phrases, however given nearly all of this put up (outdoor the PowerTap P2 phase) is most commonly ranting, I’m working low on inventive tactics to word this one.

Were given all that? Just right.

Set up and Config:

After I’m writing posts, I experience sections I will write briefly. For instance, when penning this identical phase for the SRM EXAKT energy meter pedals, my keyboard and digicam just about ran out of battery because of the entire steps and quirks had to get it put in.

While with the PowerTap P2 pedals, it takes about 28 seconds, or possibly 54 seconds when you’re sluggish (and 98 seconds when you by hook or by crook put the fallacious pedal at the fallacious facet).  Right here, take the pedals and in finding your self a 8mm hex wrench:

Now, put the left pedal at the left facet the use of that little wrench. The best way this in particular complex wrench works is you spin it. When it stops spinning, it’s executed. If truth be told, give it a pleasing little tug to get them just right and comfortable.

Then repeat for the opposite facet.

Good enough, you’re executed. They’re put in.

If truth be told, 3 minor notes for seriousness. The pedals include spacers (washers) that can be utilized to make sure that the unit portion doesn’t press at once up in opposition to the crank arm, in particular carbon fingers. If it does, upload a spacer so there’s a tiny hole there.

And the second one observe is that when you’ve were given a crank period that’s no longer 172mm (comparable to 175mm like me), you then’ll wish to set the crank period. You’ll be able to do this by means of the PowerTap Cellular app, or a head unit like a Garmin.  Extra on that later.

And the 3rd observe is that when I set up pedals I care to do a few fast sprints to make sure the pedals are great and set. I choose to try this indoors, within the match one thing catastrophic occurs with new tools I don’t finally end up face-planting myself into the pavement.  Do that prior to you do the zero-offset despite the fact that.  I like to recommend 2-3 sprints of about 4-8 seconds lengthy. I like to recommend this for all energy meters (as do maximum producers).  However, when you simply pass for a traditional experience it’ll handle itself via the tip of it (however your energy numbers could also be slightly off until then).

Oh – and in any case, like every energy meters, you’ll wish to do a nil off-set to get it correctly calibrated. I’ll duvet that too in a second.  You’ll be able to do this from the app or your GPS motorcycle pc.

Basic Use Evaluation:

Whenever you’ve were given the PowerTap P2 pedals put in, you’re mainly able to rock and roll. It’s were given twin ANT+ & Bluetooth Sensible broadcast capability (albeit, at the Bluetooth Sensible facet with some catches I’ll duvet), in addition to the facility to broadcast energy, cadence and tool stability. Word that if you purchase the single-sided P2S pedal it received’t do energy stability since you have got just one pedal.

The pedal frame is IPX7 waterproofed (half-hour at 1-meter deep), within the match you end up pedaling underwater. The authentic claimed weight is “below” 200g in line with pedal (they specify 199g on their website online), then again I pegged it as 200g at the mark – as did Shane Miller of GPLama. Both means, this can be a drop of about 17g in line with pedal. Those are battery-inclusive weights.

 

The burden financial savings come from inside weight loss executed within the principle pedal frame. The burden financial savings isn’t noticed visually from the outside relating to a sleeker frame.

The PowerTap P2 pedal makes use of the similar AAA batteries that the P1 has. PowerTap particularly recommends Lithium batteries for quite a few causes (together with problems with alkaline batteries at low-voltage when the batteries begin to die that may introduce accuracy issues). Despite the fact that, when you are in a pickle you’ll use any AAA battery you’ll in finding to get you via that weekend experience in a faraway position. I’ve executed that a lot of instances at the P1, or even simply two weekends in the past with the P2 pedals with out a affects.

The batteries are accessed the use of a easy 5mm wrench, and the cap pops off. Those caps must be more potent than previous era P1 caps. The P1 caps ultimately were given more potent through the years, and those fit that. Additionally, the seals are meant to be moderately progressed too, to reduce water ingest problems.

Whenever you’re able to experience you’ll pair it as much as your head unit by means of both ANT+ or Bluetooth Sensible.  Each are supported similtaneously.  I’ve paired it effectively to a COROS APEX GPS, Garmin Edge 520 Plus, Edge 1030, Edge 520, a Garmin Fenix 5S Plus, Forerunner 935, and Zwift. I’m positive I’ve paired it to different units as neatly that don’t straight away are evoked.

From an ANT+ viewpoint, the unit additionally proclaims energy stability, ANT+ pedal stability, ANT+ pedal smoothness, and ANT+ torque effectiveness. Sadly on Bluetooth Sensible for many units you received’t get energy stability since PowerTap doesn’t correctly give a boost to sending that records over a unmarried connection. Nonetheless, right here’s a hyperlink to a Garmin Attach job recorded on an Edge 1030 (by means of ANT+) not too long ago appearing the entire records you’d get all the way through a experience:

(Word: You received’t get tire drive, that’s coming from the Quarq TyreWiz.)

The pedals additionally give a boost to usual zero-offset instructions from head gadgets like Garmin, Wahoo, and extra. Given this pedal is basically a P1 pedal from that viewpoint, it does the whole thing consistent with the entire requirements that we’ve noticed the facility meter trade rally round during the last 5-7 years.

You’ll be able to carry out each by means of ANT+ or by means of the smartphone app over Bluetooth Sensible, the use of a suitable head unit to zero-offset your unit.  Generally, I do that prior to each and every experience, as a handy guide a rough validation that issues are running as anticipated.

You’ll cause a calibration similar to you can different energy meters via going into the ‘Calibration’ remark for your head unit.

 

The PowerTap P2 pedals will then record again the offset as noticed within the app or head unit.  It is a low unmarried digit worth, and can range in accordance with temperature. Then again, when you’ve were given strong temperature (comparable to indoors) and are seeing wild swings every time you experience – then one thing is most probably amiss. Nonetheless, I respect that PowerTap continues to turn a variable offset. In an age the place energy meters appear to be drifting against simply ‘Sure or no’ sort solutions that don’t in reality let you know whether or not the unit is seeing problems experience to experience, giving one thing is preferred.

As famous, all of this may also be executed by means of the PowerTap Cellular smartphone app, which is able to display you the 0 offset on the backside. You’ll be able to do it in line with pedal there:

 

The app additionally has makes use of relating to doing pedaling research. Whilst PowerTap used to be some of the first to introduce complex pedaling research into their platform, they by no means in reality graduated that from one thing nifty to one thing helpful.  Right here’s what it looks as if within the app:

  

What do I imply via they by no means graduated it?  Neatly, the information is simply within the app for show functions most effective. It’s like looking at a demo, you’ll’t do a lot with it as a client. They have got partnered with one corporate doing motorcycle suits the use of the information – however that’s it.

So you’ll’t document it for your head unit, and even export out that records in a report that any app can learn.  Evaluate this to Garmin, and shortly Favero, which give a boost to the trade usual ANT+ Biking Dynamics metrics, which permits energy meters to transmit most of these records in some way that third celebration apps can learn (comparable to WKO4).  As of nowadays you’ll most effective see the PowerTap metrics within the smartphone app – and once more, there’s no technique to display them afterwards.

When chatting with PowerTap about this, they famous that they don’t have any plans to pursue the extra open road. This to me turns out like a mistake. In the end, they did the entire exhausting paintings in calculating those metrics, would possibly as neatly transmit to move gadgets and apps that may employ them. Another way it’s simply scorching air.

After all, I wish to observe an enchanting quirk I stumbled upon simply the day past: Zwift and the PowerTap P2 pedals. I most often use good running shoes attached to Zwift (regularly by means of Apple TV), however infrequently trouble to at once attach energy meters to Zwift, because the good instructor transmits energy.  However the day past for the heck of it I made up our minds to attach Zwift to the PowerTap P2 pedal. In doing so that you get two pedals enumerated over Bluetooth Sensible (since Apple doesn’t natively give a boost to ANT+), like beneath. You’ll see that’s kind of part the wattage of the Tacx Flux 2 appearing general energy.

As such, you have got to make a choice most effective certainly one of them. Usually the way in which corporations take care of that is that once an app connects to a unmarried facet (left or proper), it nonetheless offers the right kind general energy (i.e. 300w). Then again, that’s no longer what came about right here. As a substitute, Zwift most effective confirmed part my energy (i.e. 150w). That’s lower than excellent, clearly.

In chatting with PowerTap about this, this can be a limitation in their design – and with the intention to get correct general energy (neatly, a unmarried leg doubled) you want to take away the battery within the different pedal. In order that’s a reasonably large Debbie-downer in comparison to Garmin, SRM, and Favero – which all have correct modes to take care of this by means of dual-sided pedal design over Bluetooth Sensible.

With that, let’s dig into essentially the most awaited phase – the accuracy items.

Energy Meter Accuracy Effects:

I’ve lengthy mentioned that in case your energy meter isn’t correct, then there’s no level in spending cash on one.  Strava can come up with estimated energy that’s ‘shut sufficient’ free of charge, so when you’re gonna invest in one thing it shouldn’t be a random quantity generator.  But there are particular eventualities/merchandise the place an influence meter could also be much less correct than others, or most likely it’s were given identified edge instances that don’t paintings.  Neither product sort is dangerous – however you simply wish to know what the ones use/edge instances are and whether or not it suits your price range or necessities.

As all the time, I got down to in finding that out.  In energy meters nowadays, one of the most largest demanding situations is outside prerequisites.  Normally talking, indoor prerequisites are lovely simple to take care of, however I nonetheless get started there nevertheless.  It lets in me to dig into spaces like high and low cadence, in addition to simply how blank numbers are at steady-state energy outputs.  While outdoor lets in me to seem into water ingest considerations, temperature and humidity diversifications, and the all-important street floor facets (e.g. vibrations).  For reference, PowerTap has a claimed accuracy price of +/- 1.5 for the P2 pedals (the similar because the P1 pedals).

In my checking out, I most often use between 2-4 different energy meters at the motorcycle immediately.  I in finding that is the easiest way to validate energy meters in real-world prerequisites.  With regards to all these exams with the PowerTap P2 gadgets (twin) I used to be the use of those different energy meters or running shoes similtaneously over the process the remaining 6 months:

Levels LR (dual-sided crankset)
PowerTap G3 (hub)
Tacx Flux 2 Instructor
Tacx NEO 2 Instructor
Wahoo KICKR 2018 Instructor

Mentioned in a different way – I’ve a crapton of information and comparative merchandise which might be neatly depended on to check in opposition to. Plus, there’s indisputably different gadgets I’m forgetting

Generally, my use of different merchandise is maximum regularly tied to different issues I’m checking out.  Additionally, on the subject of records assortment, I exploit a mix of the NPE WASP records assortment units, and a fleet of Garmin head gadgets for consistency in records recording (most commonly Garmin Edge 520 Plus, 820, and 1030 gadgets for P2 pedals – despite the fact that a pair rides with a FR935 and Fenix 5S Plus too). Word the entire records may also be discovered within the hyperlinks subsequent to every assessment.

First, let’s get started indoors with a TrainerRoad consultation from the day past. On this case I used to be controlling the instructor (Tacx NEO 2) the use of TrainerRoad for those durations. I used to be recording the PowerTap P2 records on an Edge 1030:

We see two random dropouts/spikes from the Levels LR (early on and afterward), however extra attention-grabbing we if truth be told see slightly of an strange offset from the Levels LR. It’s humorous, each and every now and again I see quirky offsets like this at the Levels LR – virtually all the time at once after travelling with my motorcycle. It may well be general twist of fate, however that came about simply remaining week.  Then it is going again to commonplace. In spite of everything, every other downside for every other day.

As a substitute, let’s focal point at the PowerTap P2. That may be tricky to observe – because it close to completely tracks along the Tacx NEO 2 (Word: Energy fit options in TrainerRoad weren’t used right here). Nonetheless, we see slightly of variance between the 3 gadgets within the first 4 mins:

I don’t know why right here we see this variance. All gadgets had 0 offsets carried out previous to this experience. Then again, inside of 4 mins all 4 gadgets stabilized and had been satisfied and shut to one another. So, yeah.

Nonetheless, having a look on the portions that subject right here – the durations – issues are great shut between the NEO and the PowerTap P2 pedals. And responsiveness is just about immediate.

Word that one can argue that during principle the PowerTap P2 pedals must be a couple of watts upper (extra) than they’re, because of drivetrain loss. That’s a proper argument, despite the fact that frankly it’s exhausting to quantify the precise specifics on it on my motorcycle on any given date. My drivetrain in this force used to be reasonably blank, however no longer bike-shop blank.

The mean-max graph is lovely constant between the P2 and NEO, despite the fact that the Levels LR is each offset around the length and out of whack on the sub-5-second marker because of the spike we noticed.

After all – an ideal fast have a look at cadence. We see one temporary second of a couple of seconds across the 4-minute marker the place the PowerTap P2 pedals momentarily come across cadence – however past that, it’s similar around the vary.

With that, let’s prepare dinner onto yet another indoor instructor exercise prior to heading outdoor – this one a Zwift consultation on Watopia:

That bizarre spike you notice on the 22-minute marker is solely me doing a calibration roll-down at the Tacx Flux 2. Whilst you do this, the instructor will transmit a cool worth throughout to the Garmin’s. So simply forget about that. I calibrated all gadgets at the moment (therefore the dip you notice as neatly).

As you’ll see at a prime degree issues glance lovely darn just right throughout all gadgets. You notice slightly of smoothing at the Tacx Flux 2, however that’s every other matter for every other day. Word that this actual chart is 5-second smoothed above/beneath to allow you to see what’s occurring.  Right here’s the primary part of the experience:

You’ll be able to see right here issues are very shut – and close to similar between the Levels LR and the PowerTap P2. Simply what I really like to look. If truth be told, let’s dig into that slightly extra carefully via having a look on the left/proper stability splits of the ones two dual-capable gadgets. In principle we would like each left aspects to align and each proper aspects to align. We don’t need one over/under-compensating below the covers.

This graph beneath charts all sides similtaneously from each units (I’ve got rid of the Flux 2, because it doesn’t record left/proper energy). I’ve additionally modified the smoothing to 10-seconds in your visible get advantages, and zoomed in slightly extra.

What you’re having a look at is how I’ve highlighted the steady-state-ish phase the place each left aspects are monitoring as it should be aligned to one another, and each proper aspects the similar. After I shift energy briefly (on all sides of this phase), you notice slightly of selection in that dating. I think that’s simply the truth of transmission/recording charges being moderately other – thus why the steady-state is more straightforward to pick.

Having a look at cadence in the meantime presentations that each energy meters had been close to similar always – while the estimated cadence at the Tacx Flux 2 instructor used to be slightly extra wobbly. That’s in truth lovely commonplace for good running shoes and estimated cadence (while within the earlier set the Tacx NEO 2 if truth be told measures cadence as every crank arm passes via it).

After all, having a look on the Imply-Max graph, issues are great shut between all gadgets. I purposefully snipped out the sub-5 moment worth of the Flux 2, because of the spin-down captured mid-ride. So if we take away that it’s extremely shut:

Good enough, let’s transfer onto some outside rides. First up, a pleasing jaunt up Sign Hill in Cape The city. That is mainly a continuing climb at grades various from a couple of % to twelve%. I level that out as a result of long ago when within the first few months of the PowerTap P1 pedals there used to be a unusual trojan horse that would manifest on sustained climbs. PowerTap mounted that lovely briefly, despite the fact that some early P1 critiques nonetheless replicate that outdated information.

In spite of everything, right here’s a have a look at the experience and the 3 primary chunks (Up/Pics-Down/Apartments so as to add mileage):

Frankly, issues glance effin superior in this experience – regardless of which portion we have a look at. For instance, let’s zoom into the climb slightly extra because it will get great and regular:

As you’ll see – all gadgets are inside of a couple of watts – and extra importantly, inside the claimed accuracy specifications of the gadgets we’re having a look at.

I went forward and diminished the smoothing for the following graph all the way down to 3-seconds, and you’ll see this 900w dash I did, all gadgets had been very shut.

As same old, looking to get max 1-second energy to compare between a couple of energy meters on a couple of head gadgets is all the time tough, and we see the Levels LR a tiny bit decrease (or most likely later), however total very shut.

After all, right here’s the mean-max for this experience. I might say there’s a tiny bit extra separation than I’d choose coming from the G3 hub having moderately upper wattage – possibly a % or two upper than I sought after. No longer positive why.

Finally – one ultimate experience to around issues out – this a couple of hour coastal experience with extra hiking down in Cape The city.  Right here’s the information set for it:

This experience after all has slightly extra variability for the reason that terrain meandered up and down a couple of instances. So the ones lengthy smoother (adequate, kinda easy) chunks are climbs, while the whole thing else is both descents or residences. Site visitors and the standard.

Right here’s a more in-depth have a look at the primary bite:

You’ll be able to see issues are most commonly shut, however seeing slightly of lowness popping out of the Levels LR. That is the place the left/proper graph turns out to be useful, as we will be able to see which facet is the culprit:

I highlighted a couple of examples above the place you’ll see the left facet of the Levels LR is ready 10w not up to the left facet of the PowerTap P2 pedals. The proper facet is just a watt or two.

As I began digging into this additional, I realized an enchanting development within the cadence – there’s a slight drop at the Levels LR happening each and every 60 seconds. Neatly, precisely each and every 60 seconds:

After all, above you don’t see it as a result of I had smoothing carried out, so it doesn’t lengthen the entire means down. However after we take away all smoothing, it turns into great evident:

What’s great attention-grabbing right here despite the fact that is that the facility reported by no means drops. That’s frankly an impossibility. That implies both the Garmin is committing a no-no (via having a drop, or via faking the facility in the course of the drop), or the Levels is doing a no-no (via doing the similar because the Garmin). I most effective recorded every energy meter on one head unit, so it’s exhausting to grasp needless to say. I haven’t noticed it on every other rides.

And naturally – none of this affects the PowerTap P2. I merely were given distracted inspecting the information set. The PowerTap P2 did simply highest.

In the end – from what I’ve noticed accuracy sensible at the PowerTap P2, each indoors and out of doors I’ve had 0 problems with it. It simply does its factor similar to the later fashion PowerTap P1 did. Accuracy used to be in truth infrequently (if ever) the problem at the PowerTap P1. Relatively, it used to be such things as sealings/bearings/give a boost to.

(Word: All the charts in those accuracy sections had been created the use of the DCR Analyzer software.  It lets you evaluate energy meters/running shoes, center price, cadence, velocity/tempo, GPS tracks and lots extra. You’ll be able to use it as neatly in your personal machine comparisons, extra main points right here.)

Energy Meter Pedal Comparability:

Ultimate yr upon the discharge of the Vector 3 and Assioma pedals, I stacked the ones two up in opposition to the prevailing PowerTap P1 pedals in a sprawling put up with extra main points and specifics than I will throw a stick at.  Or numerous sticks.  Severely, it were given out of keep watch over.

Since then the PowerTap P2 has been launched, however apart from moderately diminished inside weight and moderately larger battery lifestyles there are not any different adjustments to the gadgets. So via and big the whole thing in that put up stays proper except for you’ll upload 20 hours to the battery and scale back the burden via 17-18g.

Towards the tip of that loopy put up I had slightly of simplified desk that took the entire main points of the umpteen sections and simplified it, which you’ll in finding beneath.  Word that I haven’t had an opportunity to re-determine cornering perspective but for the SRM EXAKT. I did that on a particular motorcycle of mine with a particular crank period. Thus I wish to re-compare all pedals at the identical motorcycle to make sure it’s equivalent.

As for a non-data pushed comparability, I’d more than likely wager you’ll want to summarize the downsides in essentially the most distilled way as imaginable:

Favero Assioma Drawback: Pod design isn’t as aesthetically satisfying
Garmin Vector 3: Battery cap/pod fiasco of the previous
PowerTap P1/P2: A little of a chunker, wishes a vitamin
SRM EXAKT: Dear, super-clunky set up

There’s no query the Garmin and SRM pedals take the cake relating to good looks, however I’d say that the Favero Assioma pedals are more than likely those I’d consider essentially the most out of the 3 relating to simply nailing accuracy each and every time with just about no headaches. While the PowerTap pedals do have longevity on their facet right here.

Wrap-Up:

So right here’s the article: There’s not anything fallacious with the PowerTap P2 pedals. When checked out in isolation they’re a super and apparently dependable pedal. Most commonly as a result of they’re mainly only a moderately tweaked PowerTap P1 pedal that’s had a few of its quirks addressed.  And value-wise, it’s no longer too dangerous.

However that’s sorta the problem with it as neatly. There’s no a part of the P2 pedal that claims ‘PowerTap is hungry for what you are promoting’. The pedals simply kinda say: Shrug.  With the Favero Assioma pedals, Favero is obviously hungry in your cash and is apparently doing the whole thing it could possibly by means of firmware updates and even reducing the associated fee. And accuracy is as just right, if no longer the most productive available in the market for pedals (because it additionally helps non-round chainrings too).  And at the different finish you’ve were given Garmin, which provides arguably the prettiest pedal that turns out to have got over the turbulence of 2018’s problems. Oh, I guess SRM makes pedals too, in case you sought after to throw cash at one thing that’s no longer aggressive in any class I will recall to mind.

So the place does this depart us? Neatly necessarily, I’d say that when you discover a just right deal at the PowerTap P2 pedals – you’ll be pleased with them. However simply don’t be expecting them to be doing the rest new and cutting edge anytime quickly. The place Favero is at the cusp of liberating their Biking Dynamics replace, PowerTap goes the wrong way – announcing they don’t see the price.  Most likely that’s true, however I wouldn’t wish to die combating that fight.

With that – thank you for studying!